Transpiration Lab Write Up Free Essays

Transpiration Lab Write Up Purpose/Question: How do environmental factors affect the transpiration process in plants? Research: Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves. It occurs chiefly at the leaves while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Transpiration Lab Write Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the â€Å"engine† that pulls water up from the roots to supply photosynthesis (1%-2% of the total), bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf, and cool the leaf. There are four different conditions that affect transpiration. They are wind, humidity, heat, and light. These four conditions may change rate of water loss through transpiration by either losing more water, or less. Plants have adapted to create the C4, and CAM pathway. In the both pathway the plant takes CO2 and stored. Since CO2 can be taken up and stored for later use in photosynthesis, the plant reduces water loss by having less stomata open during the day since most of its needed CO2 has already been taken up at night. With the abundance of CO2 stored, the plant can then use the stored CO2 for photosynthesis and reducing photorespiration by reducing or completely eliminating accidental O2 uptake. Materials: 1) 5 small plants 2) Fish tank 3) Water spray bottle 4) Water 5) Heat lamp 6) Fan 7) Regular lamp 8) Mass weighter ) Place to record weight Procedure: Place Lamp, Heat lamp, fan, and fish tank in different areas where they won’t affect the other. Spray the fish tank with water and to make a humid environment and keep spraying everyday to ensure the tank is wet. Water all of your plants. Weigh all the plants on the original day, Monday, and record the weight. Place a plant in every condition. With the extra plant, place it in an area without a specific condition to use as a control plan t. Do not water the plants the rest of the week. Every day, weigh the plants and record its water loss for every plant. At the end of the week, create a chart for the amount of water loss and compare with the control plant. Data Table: Days | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Windy| 108. 2mg| 101. 1mg| 94. 1mg| 89. 7mg| 81. 7mg| Humidity| 103. 8mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 4mg| 103. 1mg| Light| 118. 8mg| 112. 1mg| 105. 0mg| 98. 4mg| 92. 9mg| Heat| 104. 3mg| 95. 8mg| 86. 8mg| 78. 7mg| 70. 1mg| Control| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| 115. 3mg| Analysis: Conclusion: Environmental factors, such as heat, humidity, light and wind, affect the rate of transpiration by making the plant loose either more or less water. In conditions such as wind, when there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried away and replaced by drier air. The opposite of that is the humidity where the plant lost very little water. It lost very little water because its environment was wet, so the plant did not need to diffuse much water. In heat, the air was hot and dry, so the plant lost water because it’s surrounding needed water to cool it down. Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30 °C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it does at 20 °C. Finally, light lost a steady amount of water because plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up transpiration by warming the leaf. I expected these results because it makes sense and I researched before completing the experiment. Some avoidable errors that could have happened would be accidentally splashing water on a plant or putting the conditions too close together. Some unavoidable errors could be the weather outside. Even if the experiment is conducted inside, the hot summer air or cold winter air could drift in the room, affecting the plants transpiration rate. Some further investigations I would make are things such as whether the type of plant affects the rate, or if the type of heat lamp or fan will change the results as well. How to cite Transpiration Lab Write Up, Essay examples

Social Media in Emergency Communication

Question: Discuss about the Social Media in Emergency Communication. Answer: Introduction: We often ignore the power of Social media by labeling it as only a means of socializing. However, in last few years, the popular social networking sites have changed our views. In 2010 and 2011, the devastating event of flood in Victoria can be recalled in this regard. People used the social media to obtain and share information about the flood. Most significantly, The Victoria State Emergency Service (VICSES) also used the social media to share information with the communities in the flood-affected areas. The emergency communication system is organized to support one or two way communication of emergency messages. Emergency notification system is a collection of systems that facilitate broadcast of information to groups of people regarding an emergency. The social media is now being the most useful system in this regard. Even in the absence of mobile services they are disseminating emergency messages to the highest number of people. In the past few years, Facebook and Twitter have shared a significant contribution in emergency communication and disaster response. In the case of flood in Victoria, the social networks, open blogs etc. were used in reaching the people in need, making the public are and last but not the least, organizing the volunteers and the responsible organizations. Organizations like Red Cross have personnel to receive social media messages from the people who need help. The Director of Social Strategies for the Red Cross has once mentioned that during the flood in 2011, people across America altered Red Cross of their needs via Facebook and the organization has connected to thousands of relief seekers via Twitter. On the other hand, many researches following the event of Victoria flood, have explored that people used the Facebook pages to collect information about the wellbeing of their near and dear ones. Moreover, in many cases, people came to know about the event through the Facebook pages and group invitations. In the case of Hurricane Sandy in 2013, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) mentioned that people sent about 20 million Sandy-related Twitter posts regardless the failure of cell phone networks during the storm. Moreover, the FEMA itself has used twitter in its rescue efforts. The eminent utility company PSEG said that they used Twitter to make their customers alert about the storm. Thus, the social networking sites have proved their utility in the case of lost mobile services and other networking methods. As the governmental and credible media sources, need to verify news or information before disseminating to the community, it requires more time than the social media sources. In the context of emergency communication, time is the most important issue. Hence, these social sites have a fundamental advantage in this regard. The ease of using these sites during an emergency is also making it hugely acceptable even to the governmental organizations. Moreover, its affordability and multiple communication paths is continuously making it relevant in the emergency communication services. From addressing the people in need to make the public aware, the social networking sites are doing a commendable job and thus altering the trend of disaster response and emergency communication.

Strategic Change Management

Executive Summary Strategic Change Management has become a strategic role of leaders in various organizations. Various business organizations have come to appreciate the need for change and have designed various methods and approaches of managing change.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has downed on the management that the market competition requires leaders to embrace change and ensure that they are creative in order to manage market competition. The firm should bring all stakeholders on board and each given a role to play in the process of change management and implementation. The model that firms would use in implementing change is Kurt Lewin Model of unfreeze, change and then freeze. Value based organization is the approach to monitor the implementation of change. The strategies must be implemented in an appropriate time to yield good results. I ntroduction Change is one of the most important factors that an organization must take into consideration when drawing its strategic goals and objectives. Daft (2009, p. 37) simply says that Change is constant. This statement is intriguing yet it is the best philosophical definition of change. The idea that change is constant raises a number of questions. However, from an analytical perspective, change is always inevitable. Daft argues that change brings nothing new in the organization. It only enhances what is already in existence. McCarthy and Eastman (2010, p. 23) say, â€Å"the overarching purpose of change management is to accelerate the speed at which people move successfully through the change process so that anticipated benefits are achieved faster.† As such, change should not be viewed as a shift from the norm. The only issue is that it brings new methodologies of handling the daily activities. In his book, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning, Henry Mintzberg (19 94), reprimanded himself and others for their sightless adherence to the strategic forecast practice. His disputation rests with the exploration of the authoritative scientific explanation of the future. He demonstrates how planning can asphyxiate obligation, constrict an organization’s dream, make change unfeasible, and lead to the politicization of the affairs of the organization.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His point is based on the principle that analysis is not synthesis. Therefore, strategic planning is not strategy formulation (p. 321). According to this scholar, many managers would agree that change is one of the defining external factors that influence the operations of the organization. The management is always faced with various problems that would demand changes to solve them. As a starting point, Griffin (2000) classifies the word management as a set of activities, including planning and decision-making, organizing, leading, and controlling, directed at an organization’s resources that is, human, financial, physical, and informational, with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner (p. 6). In the definition, several key concepts are used. Foremost, it is comprehended that management applies uniformly to public, private, nonprofit, and religious organizations. Murphy (2002) was of the view that management is an organizational phenomenon and not exclusive to the world of profit organizations (p. 7). Implementers of Change Individuals charged with the responsibility of implementing changes influence the process. As Anderson (2011, p. 16) says, in most companies, the initiators of change are always part of implementers. In this regard, a number of implementers of change exist. Some are discussed in the subsequent sections. The Management McGregor (1957) in his book The Human Side of Enter prise stated that the management is severely hampered today in its attempts to innovate with respect to the human side of enterprise. This is due to inadequacy of conventional organizational theory (p. 245). The management plays a very important role in the implementation of change in the organization. Given its role of co-coordinating and controlling, the unit has the duty of explaining change to employees and directing them on how these change strategies would be addressed. As such, they have the responsibility of understanding the strategies before explaining them to employees. They are also the financiers of the policies of the organization. They have a role of ensuring that proper finances are allocated towards the implementation of the strategies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More General Employees Sharma (2008, p. 26) says that employees have the greatest role to play in the implementation of change strategies. They are the implementers of the firm’s strategies. They have a duty of ensuring that they understand the organizational objectives. They should therefore know how to intertwine the change strategies with the general goals and objectives of the firm. They would receive the policies from the management and implement them in a manner that would generate maximum benefits to the firm’s customers and shareholders. The Recipients of Change As explained above, these individuals are neither the initiators nor implementers of change. Recipients of change may not necessarily involve those individuals that do not have a role in the initiation or implementation of change. According to some scholars, both the initiators and implementers of change may be viewed as the recipients of the change if they are affected by change policies, which is always the case. As such, all stakeholders may be considered recipients of c hange under different contexts. The management would be the recipient of change if it affects the general growth of the firm either positively or negatively. The employees would be recipients if the process would result to benefit increment or change of position held in the firm. Customers would definitely be the recipients through the benefits they would receive from the changed strategies of the firm. The competitors would be recipients if the change would also force them to redefine their own strategies. The government would be the recipient if the change would result to a downward or upward adjustment of the tax they receive from the firm. The organization as a whole would also be considered a recipient of change.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because the organization would be forced to come up with changes in the production levels and styles and the general new product proposition it would assume in the market. The structures would also feel the effects of change. In every organization, various structures are always put in place to serve various tasks. For instance, the structures put in place at the sales unit would be affected by new changes. The structures may need to be reorganized to reflect the new picture of the firm. Generally, the entire system would have to be restructured. The new design would have to redefine the relationship of the stakeholders in the organization and the new roles that they would play. In the implementation process, care should be taken to avoid chaos at all the stages. Chaos can be the most destructive factor in change management. Chaos, as defined in an older dictionary, is a condition of utter disorder and confusion as the unformed primal state of the universe (Funk and Wagnalls, 1940, p. 208). In a more recent attempt to define the concept, Coveney and Highfield term it as unpredictable and apparently random behavior in dynamic systems (1995, p. 425). In the latter definition, we can see a loosening of the fixed order of the world that was embedded in the first definition. Such scientists as Newton who accepted a fixed-order world as the ideal of objective knowledge laid the foundation (Prigogine, 1996, p. 2). A tenet of the Industrial Age was that some grand design of the universe that needed to be discovered existed. However, current writers and thinkers in the area of systems thinking and Chaos Theory argue that no such fixed design exists. In fact, writers such as Prigogine (1996) now define chaos as the behavior of systems in which close trajectories separate exponentially in time (p. 201). It is therefore the role of everyone to understand the need for change and cooperate in the process of its implementation. This would ensure smooth process of chan ge implementation. Strategies Available for Change Management Government Office for the South West (2004, p. 43) state that it is worth recalling what we are trying to achieve. It should be clear to the team why change is important and what it would achieve. There are giant American companies that were brought to their feet due to either the failure to adopt changes that were needed or poor implementation of change. Whichever the case, the underlying fact is that change is a fixed factor in any organization whose implementation should be done in a conscious manner that would make the firm remain competitive in the market. Rogers Adopters Theory provides the best available strategies for change management. The categories are as follows: Innovators This strategy requires individuals who have a great desire for new ideas. It requires audacity and the willingness to pay the consequences of change. When implemented, the firm would implement changes as soon as they are availed in the busi ness environment. This strategy would be the best for any organization, but the consequences may outweigh the benefits. As such, many firms shy away from it because of the possible negative consequences. The popularity of this strategy is rated at 2.5 percent. Early Adopters Early adoption theory would involve embracing change early enough to be able to reap maximally from it, but after analyzing the consequences that are involved. Early adoption is good, but as innovators, a firm may not have reference to other firms which had implemented the strategy before. As such, many firms would shy away from it for the fear of the unknown. However, given the nature of many organizations, this would be the best strategy that should be employed by in the process of managing change. Early Majority The early majority would adopt change before the average members, but will take precautions by keenly monitoring how the innovators and early adapters were affected by the changes. Although very popul ar, this strategy is dangerous to an innovative company, such the Coca Cola Company because by the time it would be implementing the change, it might be too late to be competitive in the market. Late Majority Late majority are individuals who appreciate that change is necessary, but would want to evade any negative consequences. They would therefore wait for others to implement change and confirm that the consequences are positive. They prefer going through the trodden path. This strategy may not work for companies such as Coca Cola because this industry is very dynamic and by taking this approach, it would always be several steps behind market standards. Laggards Kratschmer (2011, p. 19) describes this category of individuals as tradition keepers. They would want to maintain status quo, and because of this, they would fight any change in the organization. This may not be considered a strategy for change management, but passes as one because it seeks to fight change. Those who hold this strategy would always be suspicious of change and all the change agents. This is the worst strategy of change management. Role of Stakeholders Sirkin, Keenan, and Jackson (2005 p. 2) observe that managing change is tough, but part of the problem is that there is little agreement on what factors influence transformation initiatives. As stated above, the best strategy would be the early adoption. Various stakeholders would have different roles in this strategy. The management has the duty to understand the concept put forth in the specific change item in order to create awareness among employees. The management is also responsible for funding the entire process of change implementation. The employees should be flexible enough to adjust to issues concerning change management. They have the responsibility of positively responding to change and ensuring that the policies of change are well taken and are appropriately implemented. The government, though it may not have direct respons ibility, should ensure that the business environment is kept safe. Top Down Model: System of Change Implementation A system refers to a collection of different units or subsystems, which work as a unit to accomplish a given objective. Companies such as Coca Cola are made of a system of different stakeholders, each with different duties aimed at ensuring the firm’s strategic goals and objectives are achieved. The diagram below shows the stakeholders in this system, as well as how they are related. As shown in the above diagram, the system involves all the members of the organization in their various capacities. In this system, change would be effected from the top management and the lower cadre employees would be doing the implementation activities. The system should be well coordinated in a way that no unit will clash with the other in the process of implementation of change strategies. The management must clearly set the overall goals and objectives of the firm. This should be made known to all members of the organization. The overall objective would be to create a positive differential change to customers. The management would therefore create a system that would act as a wheel. The management, both top and mid level management, would form systems while the junior employees would form subsystems. In this wheel, the management should transfer a desirable rotation to the employees, which would make them rotate customers in favor of the organization. This is demonstrated in the diagram below. All members would share the new objectives, which would redefine the mission of the firm. As seen in the case study, the last and very important part is the implementation of the shared mission. The management should identify various teams and assign them different roles that would help accomplish the objective of the organization. The management should consider developing units in the firm, with each unit having its own specific duties. The stakeholders should fi t into the units, with each unit having specified role to play in the overall policy implementation process. The management can also consider having each specific stakeholder assigned his or her own role in the firm. The objective should be achieved within a specified period. Resistance to Change In many occasions, change would meet a lot of resistance from those who want to maintain status quo. They would ensure that all efforts are directed towards derailing change. Change can be resisted in a number of ways. The first type of resistance to change may involve adoption of the laggard approach. Such an individual would try to cling to the traditional ways of operation as much as possible. Another approach may involve refusal to cooperate in the process of working as a system to implement change. The management can also resist change by failing to advocate for the same to employees. They can also resist change by failing to allocate enough finances for change policies. The best way t o manage any form of resistance is to make every member of the organization understand the need for and the urgency with which change is needed. The management should ensure that all stakeholders are brought on board in the process of implementing change. They should be allowed to share their views and fears about change so that the concerned authorities may address it. Appropriate Model for Change A number of models for change are used by various organizations, given different scenarios. Some of the most popular models of change include ADKAR Model for change, Stephen Covey Seven Habits Model, Kubler Ross Stages of Change and Kurt Lewin’s Strategy of Unfreeze-Change-Refreeze. These strategies are suitable in different scenarios. They have their own advantages and disadvantages that make each most suitable in different applications. Given the scenario of Coca Cola, the best model would be Kurt Lewin’s three staged Model of Change Management of Unfreeze, Change, and the n Freeze. Unfreeze is the first stage where the firm would need to appreciate that given the current market forces, there is need for change. As such, every member of the organization prepares psychologically for a possible change. After unfreezing, the next step is change. The members, having accepted the need for change, would embrace the same and adopt new strategies brought about by change. The freezing stage, also known as refreezing, involves establishing stability after the adoption of change. Strategies for Implementation of Change Model There are measures that should be put in place to ensure that the implementation of change model is successful. The first measure is that there should be a clear procedure of monitoring change. Baekdal, Hansen, Todbjerg and Mikkelsen (2006, p. 7) observe that all models are guidelines. You should always evaluate the relevance of each individual step vs. your situation and your project. Large projects often demands detailed analysis and docum entation, while small projects can be finished with much lesser work. The concerned individuals should know the basis of objectives and goals of the organization. With this, they should assess the effect of change against what was expected. The second measure is that the implementing parties should have a clear timeline for the achievement of various objectives. There should be regular meetings to review the success of the organization. Another measure is that the management should set short-term manageable objectives to be achieved within a given timeline. A mechanism through which objectives would be measured should exist. This way, it would be easy for the management to determine if the implementation process is effective or if some changes might be necessary. Above all, the stakeholders should all be made to appreciate the need for change and the potential benefits that may accrue from the same. Conclusion In a business set up, the top management is always under a constant chall enge of planning how to manage change. Strategic change management has become one of the strategic duties of a firm. It is considered strategic because it affects the entire firm from the top management to the junior most employees, as well as all the departments of the firm. Change management is considered strategic because, just like strategic goals and objectives, change should be initiated by the top management of the organization and channeled to other employees of the organization. Older members of the society, especially those that have already used to a certain way of doing things, may not find it easy to shed their normal ways of approaching their duties. They are used to the normal methods and fear that they may not be in a position to adapt to these changes fast enough and as such would be seen as incompetent. Change must involve all stakeholders in the organization for success to be achieved. The management must incorporate all its stakeholders and assign them different roles in the process of implementing change. Kurt Lewin’s three staged Model of Change Management of Unfreeze, Change, and then Freeze is the best strategy of implementing change in organizations. List of References Anderson, M 2011, Bottom-Line Organization Development: Implementing and Evaluating Strategic Change for Lasting Value, Elsevier, Burlington. Baekdal, T, Hansen, K, Todbjerg L Mikkelsen, H 2006, â€Å"Handle change management projects more effectively† Change Management Handbook, Vol. 1, no. 27, pp 7-57. Coveney, P Highfield, 1995, Frontiers of Complexity: The Search for Order in a Chaotic World, Fawcett Columbine, New York. Daft, R 2009, Organization Theory and Design, Cengage Learning, New York. Government Office for the South West 2004, â€Å"Resource Efficiency and Corporate Responsibility: Managing Change, How to Manage Change in an Organization†, Envirowise and Government Office for South West, Vol. 3, no. 11, pp 10-27. Griffin, R 2002, Manag ement, Houghton Mifflin, Massachusetts. Kratschmer, P 2011, Organizational Culture is Highly Resistant to Change: Discuss, GRIN Verlag, New York. McCarthy, C Eastman, D 2010, â€Å"Change Management Strategies for an Effective EMR Implementation,† Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, Vol. 1, no. 39, pp 20-41. McGregor, D 1985, The Human Side of Enterprise, McGraw-Hill, New York. Mintzberg, H 1994, The Rise and Fall of Strategic Management, The Free Press, New York. Murphy, R 2000, Strategic Management vs Strategic Leadership: Untying the Gordian knot. Published Proceedings, Academy of Administrative Sciences and Business Conference, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp 89-112. Prigogine, I 1996, The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos, and the New Laws of Nature, The Free Press, New York. Sharma, R 2008, Change Management, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. Sirkin, H Keenan, P Jackson, A 2005, â€Å"The Hard Side of Change Management†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 3, no. 4, pp 1-18. This report on Strategic Change Management was written and submitted by user Sonia Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties

Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho... Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho...

Marketing in Microsoft Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing in Microsoft Company - Research Paper Example Marketing in Microsoft Company The company started as from 1975 and located in United States of America. The fact that technology has grown to a very high level, the company plays a great role of developing new versions of soft wares now and then (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). As a matter of fact, computers are used all over the world. They are used in companies, institutions and in many other fields. In industries such as business related, the company makes most of the products. Microsoft has provided a very good zone for those who wish to market their viral products. The company has been able to make it more profitable due to the marketing strategies it utilizes. Principle of marketing that Microsoft company uses Product As the main principle, a company’s product must provide the required value to expected clients. The softwares that are produced by the company are friendly to use. However, the soft wares are readily available to the customers. The products are unique and helpful to the users. However, the best thing about the products is that they are essential in any computer. This makes them a basic need for any computer user. However, they work well with most operating systems. The programs are made in such a way that they contain a lot of security. The company does this through ensuring that the security of their softwares is very high and very hard to be destroyed. The company targets at meeting the needs of all those computer users in different fields such as schools, hospitals, industries, companies. With the use of the soft wares, all the business enterprises are in a position to easier their workload and reduce costs. However, the company meets the main target of making profit. The quality of the product is ensured to be very high and the best. This makes the company’s products more preferred as compared to other companies. In terms of quality, statistics have ranked Microsoft Company as leading in several rankings (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Pricing Measuring with the industries prices, a company must set competitive prices that will ultimately generate profits. In this reference, Microsoft Company’s pricing of its products is very standard in that depending on the quality and the target market. The prices are relatively low and affordable to those who earn very little. This makes the company have more customers since it m inds the welfare of all the customers. However, the quality of the product is what makes the company attract more customers (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Placement The location of buying the products and manner of delivery matters in the marketing process. The company uses search engines to deliver its product to the customers worldwide. Search engines such as Google are widely used by the company for online marketing of its products. This mode of distribution ensures that any person who can access internet can get the product very easily without incurring any cost of traveling to the place where the company is located. This mode of delivery is the best since it ensures that the products are well distributed and readily available to the willing and potential buyers. The company uses the strategy of networking in order to reach more customers (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Promotion Companies should ensure that potential customers are aware of the existence of their products especia lly innovations. Genuineness in promoting its products makes it friendly to the customers. It targets at ensuring that the communication between the company and the customers is

Decision-Making Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision-Making Paper - Essay Example 317). Decisions made by groups are usually hamstrung by the need to reach a consensus. Consensus calls for parties to a discussion to have the same comprehension of the terms under discussion. The procedure for building a consensus involves discussion, fronting a proposal, testing for the consensus in terms of no and yes, modification of the proposal in question, and determination if the consensus is achieved or blocked (Herera, Martinez and Sanchez, 2005, p. 118). There are five processes of decision making. These processes are: acknowledgement of the existence of a situation that needs decision making, identifying and establishing alternative solutions to the problem or opportunity, evaluation on the available options or alternatives, choice of an alternative, and implementing the selected option (Amadi-Echendu, 2012, 115). The main models of making decisions are the rational model, the intuitive model, the combination model, and satisfying model. The rational decision making model is an approach to decision making in a structured and sequential form. It incorporates a series of steps such as the identification of problem or opportunity, gathering information, analysis of the situations to develop and evaluate options, selection of an alternative, and acting on the decision chosen. It is an ideal model since it provides a discipline channel of making decision. However, this model is quit time consuming as it involves investigation of the existing problems or opportunity before the course of action is made (Amadi-Echendu, 2012, p. 117). On the other hand, the intuitive decision making model is based on an individual making a decision based on instincts or inner knowing or intuitions. This technique is ideal in situations that require prompt/ timely decision making. The combination technique encompasses the incorporation of both the rational and intuitive approaches to making a decision. As for satisfying method, it

The Purpose Of ICT In Schools Education Essay

The Purpose Of ICT In Schools Education Essay Introduction: ICT stand for Information Communication Technology is widely spread and essential to play in changing and modernizing educational systems as well as the way of learning. As we know, it is part of many aspects of our daily lives. ICT includes any product that will store, restore, operate, or receive information in a digital form. The computing industry (the Internet, hardware, software); telecommunications (cellular phones, teleconferencing); electronic display (calculator); and other services (including radio, video, television and so on) are just some example of the ICT tools. Studies in ICT include design, physics, information systems and so on. At the same time, many businesses use ICT because it is fast access, storage requirement, allow more than one person access the data at a time, better security, fewer staff etc. In the other hand, ICT is expensive to buy and we may need to be trained before using it as well as the computers may fail to work. Moreover, there are some differences between countries and between schools within countries. In some countries, ICT used into the curriculum, and establish high levels of power. It also appropriate ICT use to support teaching and learning world wide. Schools are in the early phase of using ICT in other country. ICT is characterised as an important way of the learning process and some developments of e-learning. ICT enabled learning but not necessary help to improve in the learning and teaching world. Broadly, there have three major types of ICT. It induced studies that can be identified. 1. ICT has tried by many students of integration into education that consists of infrastructure, such as the pupil-computer ratio, an average number of computers per school and levels of connectivity. There are almost all secondary schools had access to the Internet. Based on the report of European, it shows that ICT performs in schools is continuously increasing. 2. A few studies have taken some time to analysis it to the next level: to existence the benefit of ICT in educational world and also the home use of ICT for educational aims. Here is the example from the research that ICT use in schools is still quite low overall, despite the investment: In most EU countries ICT is not used very frequently using by students at school. But the students had the opportunities to use ICT everywhere. (Pelgrum, 2004). 3. The third level is about the cause and effect: the impact of ICT on learning and teaching. As the authors of the most recent study that they point out the impact of the ICT: it is difficult to identify a causal relationship between computers and educational outcomes (Machin, 2006). There is some evidence to prove that investment in ICT impacts on learning and on teaching. However, there are even fewer studies find that there is no evidence of a positive relationship between computers and educational outcomes. On the other hand, there are theories and studies to describe the implications of ICT for education: education that using ICT which can brings new capabilities to learning. For example, ICT has the potential enabling teachers and students to create an environment that provide an unlimited teaching and learning. As a result, ICT in education can also be broadly categorized in the following way as a subject (computer studies), a tool to support traditional subjects (computer- based learning, presentation, research) and as an administrative tool (education management information systems/EMIS). Contents: Great Impact on teaching, learning and attainment For education, the purpose of ICT is generally to familiarise students and teachers with the use and workings of computers, related social and ethnical issues. It is generally believed that ICT can empower both teachers and learners. It promotes change the development in 21st century. ICT is not only transform teaching but also learning processes. The transformation gets to increase learning gains for students that provide learner an opportunity to develop creativity, communication skills, and other thinking skills. Besides, smart solutions for the future including laptop learning, e-learning, smart classrooms, didactic equipment and stimulations is the key on education today. An entire learning environment is needed in which students, teachers, administrators, and parents can easily communicate and collaborate with each other, share secure information around the clock, and, ultimately, access a world of knowledge beyond classroom walls. http://www3.hants.gov.uk/lit_objectives.gif Follow the picture above, we can see that ICT is very useful to the society especially to the students in colleges. According to ICT adviser Harriet Price, it is benefit that an ICT-rich educational experience brings to the students. She says that technology is an important part of students everyday lives. She makes sure that the necessary software and hardware is available for students to use, while also helping them develop their own ICT skills. As we know, more than half of the students in the groups have a computer or laptop at home as well as access in College that they can search for information regardless of time and place. ICT making all schools smart. That means everyone get different information and knowledge from ICT. As we know, computers are provided in every area in the schools, colleges or labs. Students get the chance to do assignments or group projects by using it. It also increases students knowledge at the same time. Besides, students who have laptop themselves can bring it with them. Training is provided in any colleges as well as to make students to learn more independent in their work. ICT provides quick and easy way in the research to train the society especially for the students today. It has a great impact for the students to have an easy for research and information compare to the earlier period. ICT is saving our time in doing the work. When we have to do our work and search information or example for our assignment in the earlier time, we have to go to library to collect those staff. It is not only to waste our time but also limited in the information we get. On the other hand, we can have our self-test before the exam coming. Besides buying the books for exercise, we can get the question from the internet. It makes students more comfortable to have a test. Moreover, group assignment always assigned by the teachers or lecturer. ICT are like a learning centre that could help to share ideas and understanding to the students. It also teaches us the grammar and improves our English by ourselves. For example, we know that working in pairs was the most useful practice, by using ICT that students can experience with collaborative learning. ICT empowers students to engage in the learning process and giving them an interest in their personal education. By integrating ICT into the classroom, students have the ability to learn more effectively, collaborate with each other, and explore the world around them. Anytime, anywhere access to internet-based tools is necessary to encourage learning inside the classroom and beyond. Today, by using ICT brings many benefits to the young generation especially for the students. For example, some of the students who working part time also has some time to do their College work. In addition, most of the times the students like to use word processing from the processor itself. It is quick and easy to edit their work and improve their presentation by using ICT at a time. Somehow, web is the only way to have quick and easy way to search the information on any topic. ICT is the one to make us easy access a world of knowledge. With a range of ICT equipment, the benefit for students is that a higher quality lessons through greater collaboration between teachers in planning and preparing the resources. It is more focused teaching, tailored to students strengths and weaknesses as well as through better analysis of attainment data. By using ICT, it improved the behavior management through better tracking of students. It is not only gain in understanding but also analytical skills which including improvements in reading comprehension as well as increase the knowledge. Moreover, ICT unknowingly help students improve in their development of writing skills such as spelling, punctuation, editing and grammar, it will become more fluency and originality. Based on the research of Software and Information Industry Association 2000, students who used educational technology in colleges are more successful because they have more active to learn and increase their self-esteem. ICT then enhances and extends the possibilities of learning across the curriculum. Thus, ICT provide more opportunities to show their hard work to an audiences or teachers as well as it is 24 hours. Most students reported that ICT was positively helping them with homework and many pupils indicated that access to internet resources was particularly important. Students also reported that writing was the most common use for ICT outside the colleges and schools, followed by researching. ICT would be important to their future career or to employment. Students get to gain confidence because they could do things and show things they had not been able to do before, that students could explore more and share more ideas with others. In fact, ICT also gives educators the opportunity to transform the way learning happens, and enable student development. ICT present a range of tools that teachers or lecturers use to present and display as part of their teaching and help educators interact with students as well as engage them in a more meaningful way. These technological tools can be determinate designed for education way that it can be software or hardware used in the contexts such as word processors and spreadsheets. The computer tools help the students and teachers manipulate complex data-sets. This then provides context for effective discussion that help to develop subject understanding. ICT is benefit for teachers to sharing of resources, expertise and advice. It is also easier planning and preparation of lessons and designing materials to the students. Sometimes, ICT helps teachers to access to up-to-date students and school data, in any time and anywhere. Enhancement of professional image projected to colleag ues is easier to get by teachers in using ICT. From a teaching point of view, teachers used these devices to deliver to a whole class, could use the digital content effectively that was available to them. Teachers also reported that ICT offered them enhanced resources to support learning through teaching. The levels of interaction, the immediacy and the ability to refresh work, were all indicated as ways in which ICT could enhance the range of teaching approaches taken. In some colleges, teachers were expecting more of the students used ICT- whether this was due to the higher pace in lessons, work being done more quickly. Negative impact on teaching, learning and attainment http://www.game-development.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/online-games.jpg On the other hand, there is some negative effect of the ICT on education way. In college, computer is not enough for teachers to make the best use of ICT in the classroom. Based on the research of Sandhoitz, it will take a lot of time in the classroom even up to a year with the support of experienced team. Teachers sometime always depend on the information that searched by the web. It may make a mistake. Information from the web or internet that mostly came or wrote from personals opinion. It is not all facts by the way. Teacher who depend more on the ICT do not perform well as a teacher. Students, however, feel lazy to attend the class if they can easily get the study material from the web. It will change their behavior to become more irresponsible. Lets say lecturer give an assignment to the students, they may not understand if they never attend that class. The technological reliability was important and yet the students could respond negatively to a resource, both of teaching and technology. Across the school or colleges, students might not value ICT that spent too much time on presentation needs and copying without reading and understanding. At the same time, students will search the information from the web and caught by cutting and pasting. Through the behavior like this, it will cause their result and their reliability by other. By then the students will access the internet for other things, for example, facebook, MSN, Yahoo, Twitter and others. While the lecturer having the lesson in front, they will not pay more attention to the lecturer. The cause of the res ult will affect them to retake the whole semester. Money will become the issue right now. Then, it had created severe problem to the students. To those who always play computer and using the instant message that they will choose online communication rather than having real life conversation with the teachers. For example, when they having flu and will not be attending the class or lesson, they might e-mail the lecturer rather than call the teachers. When the problem deteriorates, students will become unusual when they meet outsiders. Furthermore, the students sitting in front of the computer for a long time may cause health problem. Health problem such as stress and eyes strain can effect a student in their education way. By then ICT also created more illegal act such as pornography. Those students who affected by the pornography may cause the effect on their education. The students will waste time by using ICT better than study on their work. Overall, the evidence on the impact on attainment of learning through ICT remains inconsistent, however. Great impact on practitioners and schools http://edutechdebate.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/system-wide-apporach.jpg The introduction of ICT into schools has had an impact on teachers in terms of their overall workload that including planning, lesson preparation as well as on the ways in which these are coordinated and managed within the school and wider educational context. The availability of ICT itself has sufficient to enhance learning and teaching. Teachers have to be confident in their own ICT capacity and understand the potential benefits of using ICT in a planned. In advance, using ICT is to support teacher development for e-learning. Like students, teachers learn in different ways and they need to be able to access support when they needed. The provision of improved connectivity, among other developments, has allowed teachers to take advantage of online access to resources. As a result of access to resources at a time, teachers have greater control over the planning and preparation. By then teachers have expressed concern about knowing which resources are worthwhile and more research on the impact and availability of online resources. Such case studies provide evidence of changes in the ways in which teachers are approaching their role within the classroom. It is a better understanding of how teachers interact with the online environment. Then, there is an impact of ICT in the classroom on the teachers role. While gaining confidence and competence in the use of the technologies is to support e-learning, evidence is on the impact of using ICT on other aspects of the teachers role. Some forms of learning through ICT, the use of shared resources and collaborative learning, where the teachers facilitates rather than direct learning, might be difficult for some to accept. It is an impact of ICT on administration and overall workload. Once teachers have brought the technicalities involved with classroom- related hardware and software resources, they can enhance their teaching. This can be used to create additional teaching resources. Use of ICT for assessment purposes can also release valuable teacher time. Within schools, those specific technological developments such as connectivity via broadband access to internet will regard to the personalization of the learning experience. A key strand to embed ICT in schools has been and that of networking within schools and also across the education sector. Broadly speaking, schools recognize that systems can improve effectiveness and reduce costs. Across schools, using ICT to manage data was found to promote teaching and learning by facilitating more effective timetabling. The most effective tools were found to be school- devised systems and the use of Excel spreadsheets. As we know, school data was in forming the setting and in compiling reports to parents. Improved access to ICT, schools networks for teaching and planning were also identified as potential strategies. Use of ICT in schools tended to be raising the quality of the work produced by teachers such as presentations and reports, rather than saving time. ICT was also the key factor to improving efficiency, along with staff by using the software and hardware. Furthermore, teachers also perceived benefits in managing, storing and other work such as preparing reports with the time saved. Looking ahead, ICT would make teachers more effective in their work over 12 months. In order to be in the use of ICT to support learning and teaching, schools need to be e-confident. That means displaying a number of characteristics at a level. Thus, the internet has increased significantly the range of resources to support and stimulate learning and teaching across the curriculum and at all levels. It has also provided the means by which access to range of services, including libraries and careers services, can be brought together in one place. As ICT becomes part of the everyday life of the schools, there is a need to ensure the participation in the learning opportunities provided. Here, teachers can identify their own professional development needs and find solutions. Conclusion In todays interconnected world, information and communication technology (ICT) is widely used by our nation and it affects our lives every day. ICT gives great impact in education for the learners and teachers. ICT has become a key driver in education way. ICT has been identified by a range of important wider benefits of ICT on learning. The positive impact of ICT on students skills and teamwork are included. ICT also help student and teacher with activities that provided in the websites. That kind of activities gives ideas to the teachers in their teaching, so that students enjoy the class. Students learn more independently at the same time. They will take more responsibility for learning process. As seen, ICT can benefit both strong and weak students with their special needs. By the way, they especially improved the performance in students English and on writing skills. ICT is a part of socially system integrating meaningful communication within an education system. We can use it for analyzing the processes, meanings and functions of ICT in education. ICT also provided the research for us when we have to do the assignments. ICT is also one of the tools that have easy communication to other in foreign country. It saves the cost and time. Schools use ICT to make both students and teachers an easy way to their work. Different information and opinion can get from the web-sites. In addition, ICT provides wide array of information and effective lessons. That is also easy for students to do their work by using word processing. It makes our projects or assignments more neat and tidy. From the education system point of view, e- could mean enhanced education rather than electronic education. Consequently, ICT has a great impact to the society especially on education. On the other hand, ICT also has a bad impact on education system. Teachers will more depend on the ICT and not giving their knowledge to the students. The information and knowledge are not necessary correct from the web-sites. We have to more careful when having the research from the web. Teachers, however, will not increase their vision. Moreover, it will cause the effect on the students. Students may not be interested in the way teachers teach. They will more focus on the web such as Facebook, MSN, and Twitter. It unknowingly influences their result in the class. It also changes their behavior to the teachers in school. Students who generally communicate with friends by the ICT will caused a problem in communicate face to face to other. It is not only has an impact on character but also their attitude. Somehow, it will become more rebellious when influence by the illegal staff. Today, we can seen that have many teenagers use two or three phones. It will cause them not to pay attention in the lesson time. In a conclusion, ICT can be both advantages and disadvantages on education sector. We have to careful by using it. Internet, TV, radio and others are the ICT that provide the news and information to us. We can increase our vision when we have it. But, when we too focus on these staff, we may cause health problem by using it. We have to be wise in using it.